據(jù)天然氣加工4月21日消息，歐盟排放許可價(jià)格的飆升，正鼓勵(lì)更多德國公用事業(yè)公司在發(fā)電時(shí)從重碳煤炭轉(zhuǎn)向天然氣，這可能會(huì)加速德國淘汰這種高污染燃料的進(jìn)程。

　　歐盟的排放交易系統(tǒng)(ETS)是控制溫室氣體排放的主要工具，它對(duì)發(fā)電廠和工廠每排放一噸二氧化碳收取費(fèi)用。

　　由于去年排放許可的成本上升了28%，德國的硬煤發(fā)電量下降了6%，褐煤發(fā)電量下降了11%。雖然這在一定程度上反映了與疫情有關(guān)的需求下降，但天然氣發(fā)電量基本持平。

　　自去年12月歐盟領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人同意在本十年內(nèi)制定更雄心勃勃的減排目標(biāo)以來，該計(jì)劃中歐盟碳配額的基準(zhǔn)價(jià)格進(jìn)一步上漲了45％。

　　這促使投機(jī)者爭相取得碳排放許可，他們押注立法者將擴(kuò)大碳補(bǔ)償?shù)男枨螅瑢r(jià)格推高至每噸45歐元的創(chuàng)紀(jì)錄高位。

　　較高的碳價(jià)格增加了硬煤電廠的運(yùn)營成本，使得它們與燃?xì)獍l(fā)電廠相比利潤更低。一些發(fā)電機(jī)已經(jīng)改用燃?xì)獍l(fā)電，燃燒時(shí)排放的二氧化碳更少。

　　對(duì)于那些無法轉(zhuǎn)換燃料或虧損運(yùn)營的企業(yè)，許可成本會(huì)通過更高的電價(jià)轉(zhuǎn)嫁給消費(fèi)者。

　　在德國電力市場，自去年11月以來，所謂的“清潔黑暗”和“清潔火花”的來年價(jià)差——分別有效衡量燃煤電廠和燃?xì)怆姀S的運(yùn)營成本——已有所擴(kuò)大。

　　燃料和碳之間的成本差距也打擊了德國的褐煤工廠，這些工廠依賴的燃料通常比天然氣和硬煤更便宜。

　　3月初，1995年以前建造的褐煤電廠(碳效率最低的電廠)的遠(yuǎn)期合同首次出現(xiàn)赤字成本。

　　ICIS分析師馬庫斯·費(fèi)迪南德表示，碳價(jià)格上漲令許多行業(yè)參與者措手不及，因?yàn)橄鄬?duì)于其他燃料來源而言，褐煤價(jià)格較低，其低價(jià)已經(jīng)使許多人將褐煤視為中短期的“安全賭注”。

　　他補(bǔ)充說，在歐盟的幾個(gè)國家，煤和褐煤仍是主要燃料來源，要想在這些國家保持競爭力，運(yùn)營商需要看到煤和褐煤的價(jià)格相對(duì)于天然氣大幅下降，才能縮小差距。

　　一些分析人士認(rèn)為，價(jià)格上漲最終將導(dǎo)致煤炭和褐煤能源更快地逐步淘汰，目前德國和波蘭分別定于2038年和2040年停止使用。

　　如果硬煤電廠以更快的速度關(guān)閉，而又沒有其他替代能源來滿足通常由傳統(tǒng)供應(yīng)保證的電力需求，未來可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)供應(yīng)緊張。

　　咨詢公司Volue的分析師Espen Andreassen表示：“隨著我們逐漸脫離煤炭，加上建設(shè)燃?xì)怆姀S的前景未知或存在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，我們預(yù)計(jì)許多國家將面臨供應(yīng)安全問題。”

　　裘寅 編譯自 天然氣加工

　　原文如下：

　　High carbon prices prompt coal-to-gas fuel switching

　　The soaring price of European Union emissions permits is encouraging more utilities to switch to natural gas from carbon-heavy coal to generate electricity in Germany, potentially speeding up its phase-out of the highly polluting fuel.

　　The EU's Emissions Trading System (ETS), its main tool for curbing greenhouse gas emissions, charges power plants and factories for each tonne of carbon dioxide they emit.

　　As the cost of emissions permits rose 28% last year, power generation from hard coal in Germany fell 6% and output from brown coal slid 11%. While that in part reflected a pandemic-related drop in demand, generation from gas remained broadly flat.

　　The benchmark price of EU carbon allowances in the scheme has risen a further 45% since a December meeting when EU leaders agreed a more ambitious emissions cut target this decade.

　　That prompted a scramble for permits among speculators betting lawmakers would extend the need for carbon offsetting, pushing prices to record highs of 45 euros a tonne.

　　The higher carbon price has increased the cost of operating hard coal plants, making them less profitable to run compared to gas equivalents. Some generators have switched to gas, which emits less carbon dioxide when burnt.

　　For those not able to switch fuels or operate at a loss, permit costs are passed on to the consumer through higher power prices.

　　In the German power market, the difference between the so-called "clean dark" and "clean spark" year-ahead spreads - which effectively measure the cost of operating coal-fired and gas-fired plants respectively - has widened since last November.

　　The cost gap between fuels and carbon has also hit brown coal, or lignite, plants in Germany, which are dependent on a usually cheaper fuel source than both gas and hard coal.

　　In early March, forward contracts for power produced by lignite plants built pre-1995 - the least carbon efficient - went into a deficit cost for the first time.

　　The rising carbon price has caught a lot of industrial players off guard, as its low price relative to other fuel sources had made many see lignite as a "safe bet" in the short to mid-term, said ICIS analyst Marcus Ferdinand.

　　For coal and lignite to stay competitive in the several EU countries where it remains a main fuel source, operators would need to see the price of the fuel drastically drop in comparison to gas in order to tighten the spread, he added.

　　Some analysts see rising prices eventually leading to a faster phase-out of coal and lignite power sources, which are currently due to come offline in 2038 in Germany and in 2040 in Poland.

　　If hard coal plants shut down at a faster pace and there are no alternatives in place to meet power demand normally assured by conventional supply, there could be a supply squeeze further down the line.

　　"As we are moving away from coal, and with unknown or risky outlooks (for) building gas-fired plants, we expect many countries to run into security of supply problems," said Espen Andreassen, an analyst at consultancy Volue.

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