據(jù)OilNOW網(wǎng)站1月15日消息 2021年，全球排放交易計(jì)劃（ETS）的碳價(jià)格創(chuàng)下歷史新高，歐盟和英國(guó)的碳價(jià)格最高。然而，GlobalData指出，世界范圍內(nèi)的價(jià)格仍然不足以按照巴黎協(xié)議減少排放。這家數(shù)據(jù)和分析公司強(qiáng)調(diào)，只有22%的溫室氣體明確定價(jià)，低于4%的溫室氣體定價(jià)為每噸40美元，這是實(shí)現(xiàn)巴黎協(xié)議目標(biāo)所必需的最低價(jià)格。

GlobalData能源轉(zhuǎn)型分析師邁爾斯·溫斯坦表示：“增加碳成本是消除燃煤發(fā)電的關(guān)鍵戰(zhàn)略。例如，在英國(guó)，碳定價(jià)幫助該國(guó)在十年內(nèi)大幅減少了對(duì)煤炭的依賴。雖然自2019年以來(lái)，歐盟的價(jià)格一直在穩(wěn)步上漲，但歐洲和新西蘭仍是唯一價(jià)格超過(guò)每噸40美元最低價(jià)格的地區(qū)。加拿大、加利福尼亞和韓國(guó)正在接近這一價(jià)格。”

2021年，許多因素共同推動(dòng)了碳價(jià)格的急劇上漲。

韋恩斯坦表示，2021年天然氣短缺導(dǎo)致天然氣價(jià)格上漲，這導(dǎo)致了許多電力生產(chǎn)商轉(zhuǎn)向煤，這意味著它們排放更多的二氧化碳，從而驅(qū)使排放量的需求。此外，脫碳政策的雄心壯志起到了關(guān)鍵作用，歐盟在2021年7月提出了更嚴(yán)格的ETS措施，歐盟ETS的市場(chǎng)投機(jī)也增加了價(jià)格。

在美國(guó)，有人提議征收沼氣費(fèi)，如果獲得通過(guò)，將于2023年生效。到2025年，這將使甲烷價(jià)格從900美元/噸提高到1500美元/噸。在二氧化碳當(dāng)量的基礎(chǔ)上，這分別從36美元/噸上升到60美元/噸。

溫斯坦表示：“這不僅是美國(guó)對(duì)溫室氣體排放征收的第一項(xiàng)稅，也是國(guó)家層面上的第一個(gè)碳價(jià)格，而且最終價(jià)格在滿足巴黎協(xié)議目標(biāo)所需的范圍內(nèi)。”

在全球范圍內(nèi)，全球31個(gè)司法管轄區(qū)有ETS，35個(gè)司法管轄區(qū)有碳稅。碳定價(jià)的重要性可以通過(guò)全球850多家公司為各種目的使用內(nèi)部碳定價(jià)來(lái)證明，從投資規(guī)劃到公司層面的減排目標(biāo)。至少有七家石油和天然氣巨頭使用內(nèi)部碳價(jià)格，從今天的25美元/噸到2030年的100美元/噸不等。

吳恒磊 編譯自 OilNOW

原文如下：

Natural gas shortage drove steep increase in carbon prices in 2021, says GlobalData

During 2021, emissions trading schemes (ETS) around the world saw record-high carbon prices, with the highest seen in the EU and UK. However, GlobalData notes that prices worldwide are still inadequate to reduce emissions in line with the Paris Agreement. The data and analytics company highlights that only 22% of greenhouse gases are explicitly priced and less than 4% are priced at $40/ton — the minimum price considered necessary to meet Paris Agreement targets.

“Increasing carbon costs is a key strategy towards eliminating coal-fired power production. In the UK, for example, carbon pricing helped the country drastically reduce reliance on coal within ten years,” said Miles Weinstein, Energy Transition Analyst at GlobalData. “While prices have been rising steadily in the EU since 2019, Europe and New Zealand remain the only regions with a price over the $40/ton bare minimum. Canada, California and South Korea are approaching that price.”

In 2021, a number of factors came together to drive a steeper increase in carbon prices.

Weinstein said the price of natural gas increased in 2021 driven by a natural gas shortage. “This caused a number of power producers to switch to coal, meaning they emitted more CO2 and thus drove demand for emission allowances. Further, the increased ambition of decarbonization policies played a key role, with the EU proposing stricter ETS measures in July 2021, and market speculation in the EU ETS also increased the price.”

In the US, a methane fee was proposed, which—if passed—will take effect in 2023. This would increase methane prices from $900/ton to $1500/ton in 2025. On a CO2-equivalent basis, this is a rise from $36/ton to $60/ton, respectively.

“Not only would this be the first tax on greenhouse gas emissions anywhere in the US, and the first ‘carbon’ price at a national level, but the final price is within the range needed to meet Paris Agreement targets,” Weinstein said.

Globally, 31 jurisdictions worldwide have an ETS, and 35 have a carbon tax. The importance of carbon pricing can be evidenced by the use of internal carbon pricing by over 850 companies worldwide for a variety of purposes, from investment planning to company-level emission reduction goals. At least seven oil and gas majors use internal carbon prices, ranging from $25/ton today to $100/ton by 2030.